Phage Therapy Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, Segmented By Bacteria Type (Salmonella, Bacteriophage, Streptococcus, E.Coli, Others), By Product (Oral Consumption, External Consumption, Surgical Treatment), By Application (Human Medicines, Veterinary Sciences, Food & Beverage, Others), and By Region 2021-2031F

Forecast Period	2027-2031
Market Size (2025)	USD 64.41 Million
CAGR (2026-2031)	4.05%
Fastest Growing Segment	Salmonella
Largest Market	North America
Market Size (2031)	USD 81.73 Million

Market Overview

The Global Phage Therapy Market will grow from USD 64.41 Million in 2025 to USD 81.73 Million by 2031 at a 4.05% CAGR. Phage therapy involves the therapeutic application of bacteriophages, which are viruses capable of specifically infecting and lysing targeted bacterial pathogens. The primary driver supporting this market is the rising global prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), which has rendered many conventional antibiotics ineffective against multi-drug resistant strains. Consequently, there is a heightened demand for alternative treatment modalities that can function independently of traditional antimicrobial mechanisms, thereby bolstering the development of phage-based solutions for clinical and agricultural use.

Despite the market's potential, the absence of a standardized regulatory framework for biological agents presents a significant challenge to commercial expansion, as current approval pathways are often ill-suited for evolving viral therapies. This regulatory uncertainty complicates the progression of candidates through clinical trials. Highlighting the sector's developmental activity, according to the World Health Organization, in 2024, the global clinical antibacterial pipeline contained 97 agents, of which 40 were classified as non-traditional therapeutics including bacteriophages. This data underscores the industry's shift toward novel biological interventions to combat resistant infections.

Key Market Drivers

Technological advancements in genetic engineering and synthetic phage development are fundamentally reshaping the market by overcoming the limitations of naturally occurring bacteriophages. The integration of CRISPR-Cas3 technologies allows for the creation of precision-engineered phages that destroy targeted bacterial DNA more effectively than wild-type counterparts, enhancing efficacy against multidrug-resistant pathogens. This shift is validated by substantial public sector support. According to Locus Biosciences, in January 2024, the company announced the release of $23.9 million in funding from the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority to support the Phase 2 trial of its CRISPR-engineered bacteriophage therapy. This development addresses a substantial medical burden, as according to Locus Biosciences, in January 2024, an estimated 150 million people are affected by urinary tract infections worldwide annually, underscoring the critical need for scalable, precision-based biological interventions.

Strategic collaborations and increasing venture capital inflows are providing the necessary capital to accelerate clinical pipelines. As the commercial landscape matures, consolidation has become a key strategy for mitigating development risks and securing the resources required for late-stage trials. This trend is exemplified by recent high-profile mergers designed to pool clinical assets and attract institutional investment. According to BiomX Inc., in March 2024, the company entered into a definitive merger agreement with Adaptive Phage Therapeutics and concurrently secured $50 million in financing to advance their combined Phase 2 clinical programs. Such financial injections are critical for transitioning phage therapies from experimental compassionate use into commercially viable pharmaceutical products.

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Key Market Challenges

The absence of a standardized regulatory framework for biological agents constitutes a critical impediment to the growth of the Global Phage Therapy Market. Unlike traditional chemical antibiotics, bacteriophages are dynamic biological entities that may genetically evolve, yet current approval pathways are predominantly designed for static medicinal compounds. This misalignment forces developers to navigate ill-suited compliance requirements, resulting in prolonged development timelines and unpredictable criteria for establishing safety and efficacy. The lack of harmonized guidelines specifically addressesing the unique properties of phages increases the complexity of clinical trials, making it difficult for manufacturers to prove batch consistency to regulators accustomed to fixed formulations.

This regulatory ambiguity creates a high-risk environment that significantly deters financial investment, thereby stifling commercial expansion. Investors are frequently hesitant to allocate capital to research sectors where the route to market authorization remains undefined and perilous. According to the Biotechnology Innovation Organization, in 2024, companies focused on infectious disease programs received only 3.4% of the total venture capital raised for biopharmaceutical companies over the previous decade. This substantial funding gap limits the resources available for phage developers to navigate the arduous regulatory landscape, effectively stalling the progression of promising therapeutic candidates into the commercial market.

Key Market Trends

The Integration of Artificial Intelligence for Phage Discovery is fundamentally altering the R&D landscape by expediting the identification of viral candidates with high specificity. Developers are increasingly leveraging machine learning algorithms to screen vast genomic libraries and predict phage-host interactions, significantly reducing the time and cost associated with traditional wet-lab isolation methods. This technological leap allows for the rapid generation of optimized cocktails capable of bypassing bacterial resistance mechanisms more efficiently than manual matching. Validating this shift toward computational discovery, according to French Tech Journal, in October 2025, Phagos raised €25 million in a Series A funding round specifically to scale its AI-driven platform for developing evolving precision phage medicines.

Concurrently, the Expansion into Veterinary and Agricultural Applications is widening the market’s scope beyond human therapeutics, driven by recent regulatory successes in the animal health sector. As restrictions on antibiotic usage in livestock tighten globally to combat One Health challenges, stakeholders are commercializing phage-based additives to ensure food safety and improve animal welfare. This sector is now witnessing tangible regulatory milestones that establish a pathway for broader commercial adoption. For instance, according to Intralytix, Inc., in September 2025, the company received formal approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Center for Veterinary Medicine for its Salmonella-specific bacteriophage preparation intended for use in pet food processing.

Segmental Insights

The Salmonella segment is currently positioning itself as the fastest-growing area in the Global Phage Therapy Market, primarily driven by the intensifying demand for biological pathogen control in food safety and agriculture. Regulatory agencies, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, have granted Generally Recognized As Safe status to specific phage preparations targeting Salmonella, significantly lowering barriers to market entry compared to human therapeutics. This favorable regulatory environment facilitates the adoption of phages as natural interventions in poultry production and meat processing. Consequently, the urgent industry shift toward antibiotic-free supply chains is actively propelling the robust development of this segment.

Regional Insights

North America maintains a leading position in the global phage therapy market due to the rising incidence of antibiotic-resistant infections and an established healthcare infrastructure. The region benefits from significant investments in biotechnology and a favorable regulatory environment that supports clinical advancements. Specifically, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) plays a critical role by granting approvals for clinical trials and compassionate use cases, which accelerates product development. Additionally, strong collaboration between academic institutions and pharmaceutical entities fosters continuous innovation, securing North America’s status as the primary hub for phage therapy commercialization.

Recent Developments

• In March 2025, Armata Pharmaceuticals, Inc. announced encouraging topline results from its Phase 2 Tailwind study, which evaluated the efficacy of its lead inhaled bacteriophage candidate, AP-PA02. The trial assessed the treatment in patients with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis who were suffering from chronic pulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. Data from the study demonstrated that the therapy was well-tolerated and achieved a statistically significant reduction in bacterial burden compared to placebo. The company indicated that these positive findings would support the initiation of a pivotal clinical trial, marking a significant advancement in the development of pathogen-specific bacteriophage therapeutics for difficult-to-treat respiratory infections.
• In January 2025, PHAXIAM Therapeutics and Technophage entered into a strategic collaboration focused on the development and manufacturing of individualized Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) phage therapies. The partnership aimed to leverage the complementary strengths of both biopharmaceutical companies to target bacteria responsible for severe resistant infections, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Under the agreement, the companies planned to share manufacturing capabilities and combine their respective phage banks to enhance the precision of treatments. This alliance was established to accelerate the availability of personalized phage cocktails for patients in Europe and other markets, addressing critical unmet medical needs in the field of antimicrobial resistance.
• In March 2024, BiomX Inc. entered into a definitive merger agreement with Adaptive Phage Therapeutics, Inc. to create a consolidated entity focused on advancing a diverse pipeline of phage therapies. The acquisition was designed to combine the scientific and financial resources of both clinical-stage biotechnology companies, establishing a leading position in the development of natural and engineered phage treatments for specific pathogenic bacteria. Concurrent with the merger, the company secured a $50 million private placement from institutional investors to fund its lead clinical programs. The combined pipeline included Phase 2 assets targeting chronic pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis patients and diabetic foot osteomyelitis.
• In January 2024, Locus Biosciences, Inc. announced the receipt of $23.9 million in funding from the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA). This capital was allocated to support the continued development of the company's CRISPR-enhanced bacteriophage therapy, LBP-EC01, specifically for the treatment of urinary tract infections caused by drug-resistant Escherichia coli. The funding was released following positive results from a Phase 2a clinical trial, allowing the company to advance into the second part of its ELIMINATE Phase 2 trial. This milestone highlighted the growing federal support for precision engineered bacteriophage treatments as a solution to the global public health crisis of multi-drug resistant bacterial infections.

Key Market Players

• Armata Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
• iNtODEWORLD, Inc.
• Phage International, Inc.
• Fixed-Phage Limited
• OCUS BIOSCIENCES, INC.
• Intralytix, Inc
• PhagoMed Biopharma GmbH
• PHAGELUX, INC.
• Pherecydes Pharma SADIR
• Adaptive Phage Therapeutics Inc

By Bacteria Type	By Product	By Application	By Region
Salmonella Bacteriophage Streptococcus E.Coli Others	Oral Consumption External Consumption Surgical Treatment	Human Medicines Veterinary Sciences Food & Beverage Others	North America Europe Asia Pacific South America Middle East & Africa

Report Scope:

In this report, the Global Phage Therapy Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

• Phage Therapy Market, By Bacteria Type:

• Salmonella
• Bacteriophage
• Streptococcus
• E.Coli
• Others

• Phage Therapy Market, By Product:

• Oral Consumption
• External Consumption
• Surgical Treatment

• Phage Therapy Market, By Application:

• Human Medicines
• Veterinary Sciences
• Food & Beverage
• Others

• Phage Therapy Market, By Region:

• North America
• United States
• Canada
• Mexico
• Europe
• France
• United Kingdom
• Italy
• Germany
• Spain
• Asia Pacific
• China
• India
• Japan
• Australia
• South Korea
• South America
• Brazil
• Argentina
• Colombia
• Middle East & Africa
• South Africa
• Saudi Arabia
• UAE