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Report Description

Report Description

Forecast Period

2025-2029

Market Size (2023)

USD11.9 Billion

CAGR (2024-2029)

5.5%

Fastest Growing Segment

Basmati

Largest Market

North


Market Overview

India Packaged Rice Market has valued at USD11.9 billion in 2023 and is anticipated to project robust growth in the forecast period with a CAGR of 5.5% through 2029. The India packaged rice market has experienced significant growth and evolution in recent years, driven by shifting consumer preferences, urbanization, and a growing demand for convenience. This dynamic market has become a key segment of the country's food industry, with several notable trends and factors contributing to its development.

Changing Consumer Preferences: Traditionally, rice has been a staple food in India, consumed in various forms across regions. However, changing lifestyles, increased urbanization, and busier schedules have led to a shift in consumer preferences towards packaged rice products. Consumers are now seeking convenient, time-saving options without compromising on the quality and taste of rice dishes.

Diverse Product Offerings: The packaged rice market in India has diversified its product range to cater to the diverse culinary preferences of the country. Manufacturers offer a wide variety of rice types, including basmati, non-basmati, parboiled, and specialty rice variants. These products are often available in different packaging sizes to meet the needs of various households.

Convenience and Ready-to-Cook Options: Convenience is a driving force in the packaged rice market. Ready-to-cook rice products have gained popularity, providing consumers with pre-portioned rice that can be quickly prepared with minimal effort. These products often come with seasoning mixes, making them a hassle-free choice for busy individuals and families.

Premiumization and Quality: While convenience is essential, consumers are increasingly discerning about the quality of rice. Many are willing to pay a premium for packaged rice that offers consistent quality, longer shelf life, and adherence to food safety standards. Premium rice varieties, such as aged basmati rice, are particularly sought after.

Branding and Packaging: Packaging plays a crucial role in attracting consumers. Manufacturers invest in appealing packaging designs and informative labels to differentiate their products. Transparent packaging that allows consumers to see the rice quality is becoming more common.

Online Retail and E-commerce: The rise of e-commerce platforms has revolutionized the retail landscape, including the packaged rice market. Consumers can conveniently order a wide range of rice products online, adding to the market's accessibility.

Key Market Drivers

Convenience and Changing Lifestyles

The shift towards packaged rice is closely linked to the changing lifestyles and evolving dietary habits of Indian consumers. As urbanization accelerates, more individuals and families are adopting busier routines, with limited time available for traditional rice preparation, which involves cleaning, washing, and cooking.

Packaged rice offers a convenient alternative, allowing consumers to skip the time-consuming initial steps and proceed directly to cooking. This convenience is particularly attractive to working professionals, students, and anyone seeking to simplify meal preparation without compromising on quality.

Ready-to-cook (RTC) and instant rice variants have gained immense popularity within this context. RTC rice comes pre-processed and often includes flavors, spices, or herbs, while instant rice can be prepared in a matter of minutes. Both options cater to the fast-paced lifestyles prevalent in urban and semi-urban areas.

Quality Assurance and Standardization

The India packaged rice market has evolved to meet consumer demands for quality assurance and standardization. Consumers are increasingly discerning when it comes to the quality, purity, and consistency of rice. Packaged rice brands have responded by implementing rigorous quality control measures, ensuring that their products meet the highest standards.

Packaging plays a pivotal role in preserving the quality of rice by protecting it from external factors such as moisture, pests, and contaminants. Innovations in packaging materials and techniques have extended the shelf life of packaged rice, enhancing its appeal to consumers concerned about food safety and hygiene.

Furthermore, packaged rice brands often undergo stringent testing for impurities, broken grains, and moisture content, ensuring that the rice delivered to consumers is of high quality and free from common issues found in loose, unbranded rice.

Standardization is another critical aspect that has boosted consumer confidence in packaged rice. Brands adhere to strict quality norms, providing consumers with consistent taste, texture, and aroma in every pack. This level of assurance has significantly contributed to the growth of the packaged rice market, as consumers seek reliable and trustworthy sources of rice products.

Branding, Marketing, and Innovation

Effective branding and marketing strategies have played a crucial role in promoting packaged rice in India. Established brands have invested in advertising campaigns, emphasizing the convenience, quality, and reliability of their products. These efforts have contributed to changing consumer perceptions and creating brand loyalty.

Innovation in product offerings has been a driving force in the packaged rice market. Brands have introduced a wide range of rice varieties, including basmati, non-basmati, parboiled, and organic rice. Additionally, flavored rice variants infused with spices, herbs, and seasonings cater to diverse culinary preferences.

Packaged rice brands have also tapped into regional and cultural preferences, customizing their products to suit specific tastes. This localization strategy resonates with consumers across India's diverse culinary landscape.

Moreover, technological advancements have enabled the development of packaging materials that are both eco-friendly and aesthetically pleasing. Sustainable packaging options align with the growing environmental consciousness among consumers and contribute to brand differentiation.

 

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Key Market Challenges

Price Sensitivity and Competition

Price sensitivity is a pervasive challenge in the Indian packaged rice market. India's diverse population includes a significant segment of price-conscious consumers who prioritize affordability when making food choices. As a staple food in India, rice consumption is ubiquitous, and the demand for cost-effective options is high. This challenge is exacerbated by the intense competition among packaged rice brands, both domestic and international.

Price War and Margins: To gain market share and attract price-sensitive consumers, packaged rice brands often engage in price wars, cutting profit margins to the minimum. While this benefits consumers in terms of affordability, it can strain the sustainability of the industry, as manufacturers may struggle to maintain quality and invest in innovation with razor-thin profit margins.

Quality vs. Price Dilemma: Consumers' preference for lower-priced options can sometimes compromise their expectations regarding rice quality. Manufacturers face the dilemma of balancing cost-cutting measures with maintaining product quality. This challenge often necessitates compromises in terms of sourcing, processing, and packaging, potentially impacting the overall value proposition.

Branding and Loyalty: In the context of price sensitivity, building brand loyalty becomes a formidable task. Brands must continuously invest in marketing and advertising efforts to differentiate themselves and create a loyal customer base. Smaller, local brands may struggle to compete with larger, well-established players.

Quality Control and Variability

Ensuring consistent quality across packaged rice products is a critical challenge in the industry:

Inconsistent Raw Materials: Rice quality depends on factors like paddy variety, growing conditions, and post-harvest handling. Variability in these factors can lead to inconsistencies in packaged rice quality, causing consumer dissatisfaction and undermining brand trust.

Processing Challenges: The milling and processing of rice can also introduce variations. Maintaining precise control over milling processes to produce uniform grain sizes and quality is essential but can be challenging, especially for smaller producers.

Purity and Adulteration: Adulteration issues, such as mixing lower-quality rice with premium varieties or adding foreign matter to increase weight, pose a quality control challenge. Ensuring the purity and authenticity of packaged rice requires rigorous quality checks throughout the supply chain.

Storage and Shelf Life: Proper storage conditions are critical to preserving rice quality. Inadequate storage can lead to issues like infestations, mold growth, or rancidity. Ensuring a long shelf life while maintaining quality is an ongoing challenge.

Distribution and Supply Chain Complexities

The distribution and supply chain logistics present significant challenges in the packaged rice market:

Geographic Diversity: India's vast geographical expanse and diverse consumer base necessitate an extensive distribution network. Reaching both urban and rural areas requires a well-structured supply chain that can navigate varied terrains and infrastructure challenges.

Rural Penetration: While urban markets are typically more accessible, rural areas remain a significant market for packaged rice. Overcoming the challenges of rural distribution, which includes issues like poor road connectivity and limited cold storage facilities, can be complex and costly.

Storage Facilities: Ensuring adequate storage facilities along the distribution network is crucial for preserving rice quality. The lack of temperature-controlled storage in many regions can lead to quality degradation, particularly in climates with high humidity and temperature fluctuations.

Supply Chain Efficiency: Maintaining supply chain efficiency, minimizing wastage, and reducing lead times are ongoing challenges. Timely sourcing, processing, and delivery are essential for meeting consumer demand and preventing stockouts or overstock situations.

Key Market Trends

Premiumization and Diversification of Rice Varieties

One of the foremost trends in the Indian packaged rice market is the premiumization and diversification of rice varieties. Traditionally, rice has been a staple food in Indian households, with consumers primarily focused on purchasing non-branded, bulk rice. However, this trend is gradually changing as consumers seek higher-quality, premium rice options.

The Rise of Premium Rice: Consumers are increasingly willing to pay a premium for rice that is of superior quality, offers unique flavor profiles, and comes from specific geographical regions. Brands are capitalizing on this demand by offering premium rice varieties such as Basmati, Jasmine, and Arborio, which are known for their distinctive characteristics and culinary uses. These premium rice options are often packaged attractively, further enhancing their perceived value.

Specialty and Organic Rice: With growing health and wellness consciousness, there is a rising interest in specialty and organic rice varieties. Consumers are seeking rice that is free from pesticides and chemical additives. Brands are responding by offering organic and specialty rice, including brown rice, red rice, and heirloom rice varieties, which are considered healthier alternatives to traditional white rice.

Flavor-Infused and Aromatic Rice: To cater to evolving taste preferences, some brands are introducing flavor-infused rice varieties. These rice options come pre-seasoned with herbs, spices, and other ingredients, providing consumers with a convenient and flavorful meal solution. Aromatic rice varieties like Jeera (cumin) rice and Lemon rice have also gained popularity for their distinctive taste and aroma.

Convenience and Ready-to-Cook Rice Products

The second major trend in the Indian packaged rice market is the growing popularity of convenience and ready-to-cook rice products. As urbanization accelerates and lifestyles become busier, consumers are seeking quick and hassle-free meal solutions, and this has led to a surge in demand for ready-to-cook rice products.

Instant Rice Variants: Ready-to-cook rice products encompass various instant rice variants, including pre-cooked rice, flavored rice, and instant biryani kits. These products require minimal preparation and cooking time, making them ideal for consumers looking for convenient meal options without compromising on taste.

Microwaveable Rice: Microwaveable rice products have gained traction among consumers who prefer the convenience of quick and easy meal preparation. These products come in microwave-safe packaging, allowing consumers to heat and serve rice within minutes.

Pre-packaged Meal Kits: Some brands offer pre-packaged meal kits that include rice, spices, and other ingredients needed to prepare specific rice dishes. These meal kits cater to consumers who desire restaurant-style flavors at home without the hassle of sourcing individual ingredients.

Emphasis on Health and Nutrition

Health and nutrition have become paramount considerations for consumers in India, and this trend is significantly impacting the packaged rice market:

Whole Grain and Brown Rice: There is a growing awareness of the health benefits associated with whole grain rice and brown rice, which are less processed and retain more nutrients compared to traditional white rice. Consumers are increasingly incorporating these healthier rice options into their diets.

Fortified Rice: To address nutritional deficiencies, especially among vulnerable populations, some brands are fortifying rice with essential vitamins and minerals. Fortified rice variants aim to contribute to the improvement of public health by providing essential nutrients through a commonly consumed staple.

Low Glycemic Index Rice: Given the rising concerns about diabetes and glycemic control, low glycemic index (GI) rice varieties are gaining attention. These rice types have a lower impact on blood sugar levels, making them suitable for individuals with diabetes or those aiming to manage their carbohydrate intake.

Segmental Insights

Product Type Insights

Basmati rice has unquestionably secured a significant share in the India packaged rice market, and its journey to prominence is a testament to its unique characteristics, rich heritage, and enduring consumer appeal.

Distinctive Attributes: Basmati rice, known for its long, slender grains, delicate aroma, and exceptional flavor, stands apart from other rice varieties. These distinctive attributes have earned it a dedicated and discerning consumer base that values the superior quality and taste of Basmati rice.

Cultural Significance: Basmati rice has deep cultural and culinary significance in India. It has been a staple in Indian households for centuries, playing a central role in traditional dishes like biryani, pulao, and various regional rice-based preparations. This cultural attachment has ensured a steady demand for Basmati rice across the country.

Export Success: Basmati rice's reputation extends beyond India's borders. It is globally renowned for its quality, and India has been a major exporter of Basmati rice to countries around the world. This international recognition has further boosted the domestic demand for Basmati rice, as consumers seek to enjoy the same premium quality rice available for export.

Health and Wellness Trends: As health-consciousness grows among consumers, Basmati rice's reputation as a healthier rice option has contributed to its market share. It has a lower glycemic index compared to other rice varieties, making it a preferred choice for those monitoring their carbohydrate intake or managing blood sugar levels.

Premiumization and Gourmet Cuisine: The trend toward premiumization in the food industry has worked in favor of Basmati rice. It is often considered a gourmet ingredient, and its use in upscale restaurants and fine dining establishments has added to its allure. Consumers looking for a touch of luxury in their culinary experiences often turn to Basmati rice.

Retail Accessibility: Basmati rice is widely available across a range of retail outlets, including supermarkets, hypermarkets, grocery stores, and online platforms. Its accessibility in both urban and rural areas ensures that a broad spectrum of consumers can enjoy the benefits of Basmati rice.

Brand Diversity: The Basmati rice market boasts a diverse range of brands, each offering variations of Basmati rice to cater to different consumer preferences. These variations may include different grain lengths, packaging sizes, and price points, allowing consumers to choose the Basmati rice that best suits their needs.

Government Regulations: The Indian government has established regulations to protect the authenticity and quality of Basmati rice, including geographical indications (GI) and certification standards. These regulations safeguard the reputation and quality of Basmati rice, instilling confidence in consumers.

Consumer Awareness: Efforts by Basmati rice brands to educate consumers about the unique characteristics and benefits of Basmati rice have played a vital role in expanding its market share. Marketing campaigns and promotions have heightened consumer awareness and appreciation of Basmati rice.

Sales Channel Insights

The online sales channel has emerged as a significant player in the India packaged rice market, transforming the way consumers purchase this essential staple. This shift towards online shopping for packaged rice is driven by several key factors that have reshaped the market landscape.

E-commerce Boom: India has witnessed a remarkable surge in e-commerce platforms over the past decade. With the increasing penetration of the internet and smartphones, consumers now have easier access to online shopping options. This boom in e-commerce has extended to the grocery and food sector, including packaged rice.

Convenience and Choice: Online shopping offers unmatched convenience to consumers. They can browse through a vast array of packaged rice brands, varieties, and packaging sizes from the comfort of their homes. This convenience factor is particularly appealing to busy urban households seeking to streamline their grocery shopping.

Variety and Specialization: Online platforms provide consumers with an extensive range of packaged rice options. Not only can shoppers find traditional basmati and non-basmati rice varieties, but they can also discover specialty rice products like organic rice, premium aged rice, and rice from specific regions. This variety and specialization cater to diverse consumer preferences.

Competitive Pricing and Discounts: Online retailers often offer competitive pricing and regular discounts on packaged rice products. This pricing strategy, coupled with the ability to compare prices and read product reviews online, attracts price-conscious consumers seeking value for their money.

Bulk Purchases and Subscription Services: Online platforms allow consumers to buy packaged rice in bulk quantities, which can be particularly beneficial for large families or businesses. Additionally, subscription services offered by some e-commerce platforms ensure a regular supply of rice, eliminating the need for frequent trips to physical stores.

Doorstep Delivery: The convenience of doorstep delivery is a significant advantage of online shopping. Consumers can have their chosen packaged rice delivered directly to their homes, saving time and effort spent on visiting physical stores.

Transparent Labeling and Information: Online retailers often provide detailed product information, including nutritional facts, packaging details, and sourcing information. This transparency appeals to consumers who want to make informed choices about the rice they purchase.

Expansion to Tier 2 and Tier 3 Cities: Online sales channels have expanded their reach beyond metropolitan areas to Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities. This expansion has tapped into the growing consumer base in these regions, who may not have access to a wide variety of rice brands and types in their local stores.

Consumer Trust: Over the years, e-commerce platforms have built consumer trust by ensuring secure payment methods, reliable delivery services, and hassle-free returns. This trust factor has encouraged more consumers to embrace online shopping for packaged rice.

 

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Regional Insights

The North region of India has emerged as a dominant player in the country's packaged rice market, boasting a significant share in this essential sector of the food industry. This ascendancy can be attributed to a convergence of factors that have collectively contributed to the region's prominence in the packaged rice market.

Cultural Significance: Rice is a staple food in India, deeply ingrained in the culinary traditions and cultural fabric of the nation. In the North region, rice holds a special place in various regional cuisines, from aromatic biryanis to comforting pulavs. The enduring cultural significance of rice has led to a consistent and substantial demand for packaged rice products.

Diverse Culinary Landscape: The North region's diverse culinary landscape has been a driving force behind its significant share in the packaged rice market. Each state within the region has its own distinct rice-based dishes and preferences. This diversity has spurred the demand for a wide variety of rice grains and rice-based products, contributing to the growth of the market.

Urbanization and Changing Lifestyles: Rapid urbanization in the North has brought about shifts in lifestyle and dietary habits. Urban dwellers often seek convenience and time-saving options in their busy lives. Packaged rice products, including ready-to-cook rice and flavored rice mixes, align well with the demands of urban consumers, making them an attractive choice for quick and easy meals.

Retail Expansion: The proliferation of modern retail outlets, including supermarkets, hypermarkets, and online grocery platforms, has played a pivotal role in the North's packaged rice market dominance. These retail channels provide consumers with a wide array of packaged rice options, including different rice varieties, brands, and packaging sizes, enhancing accessibility.

Quality Assurance: Packaged rice offers consumers consistent quality, cleanliness, and convenience. The North region's consumers, like those across India, value hygiene and quality assurance, which packaged rice products provide. Manufacturers have responded to this demand by adhering to strict quality standards and certifications.

Government Initiatives: Government initiatives promoting food processing and modern retail infrastructure have fostered an environment conducive to the growth of the packaged rice market in the North. These policies encourage investments in the food processing industry, ensuring a steady supply of high-quality packaged rice products.

Rice Varieties: The North region is known for its diverse rice varieties, each prized for its unique qualities. Basmati rice, in particular, is renowned globally for its aroma and flavor. The presence of premium rice varieties in the North has boosted the region's significance in the packaged rice market, attracting consumers seeking quality and authenticity.

Recent Developments

  • In September 2022, the Government of India has implemented an amendment to the export policy, prohibiting the export of broken rice. This decision aims to enhance the domestic availability of broken rice, catering to the growing demand from the poultry industry and supporting the Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) program's ethanol production in the country.
  • In July 2022, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) announced a substantial investment of over USD2.0 billion in India. The objective of this investment is to establish food parks in the country, with the aim of bolstering food security in South Asia and the Middle East regions. These food parks will foster strong relationships between farmers, processors, and retailers, utilizing advanced climate technology to optimize yields in priority crops such as rice, onion, and potatoes.
  • In June 2022, Vida Carbon Corp. entered into an Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement with Core CarbonX Solutions Pvt Ltd, a reputable climate and sustainability consulting firm based in India. This agreement is specifically designed to enhance the cultivation and water management practices of rice farmers across more than 100,000 hectares in the state of Telangana. The initiative will be implemented in four phases, ultimately leading to increased rice production.

Key Market Players

  • Adani Wilmar Ltd.
  • Aeroplane Rice Ltd.
  • Amira Nature Foods Ltd.
  • Baba Naga Agro Pvt. Ltd.
  • Balashree Foods Pvt. Ltd.
  • Chaman Lal Setia Exports Ltd.
  • Patanjali Ayurved Limited
  • Shri Lal Mahal Group
  • Sriveda Sattva Pvt. Ltd.
  • VSR Foods

 By Product Type

By Packaging Type

By Sales Channel

By Region

  • Basmati
  • Non-Basmati
  • Pouches
  • Woven Bags
  • Others
  • Supermarkets/Hypermarkets
  • Convenience Stores
  • Online
  • Others
  • North
  • West
  • East
  • South

 Report Scope:

In this report, the India Packaged Rice market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

        ·         India Packaged Rice Market, By Product Type:

o   Basmati

o   Non-Basmati       

        ·         India Packaged Rice Market, By Packaging Type:

o   Pouches

o   Woven Bags

o   Others

        ·         India Packaged Rice Market, By Sales Channel:

o   Supermarkets/Hypermarkets

o   Convenience Stores

o   Online

o   Others

       ·         India Packaged Rice Market, By Region:

o   North

o   South

o   East

o   West

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the India packaged rice market.

Available Customizations:

India Packaged Rice Market report with the given market data, Tech Sci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

India Packaged Rice Market is an upcoming report to be released soon. If you wish an early delivery of this report or want to confirm the date of release, please contact us at [email protected]

Table of content

Table of content

1.    Introduction

1.1.  Product Overview

1.2.  Key Highlights of the Report

1.3.  Market Coverage

1.4.  Market Segments Covered

1.5.  Research Tenure Considered

2.    Research Methodology

2.1.  Objective of the Study

2.2.  Baseline Methodology

2.3.  Key Industry Partners

2.4.  Major Association and Secondary Sources

2.5.  Forecasting Methodology

2.6.  Data Triangulation & Validation

2.7.  Assumptions and Limitations

3.    Executive Summary      

3.1.  Market Overview

3.2.  Market Forecast

3.3.  Key Regions

3.4.  Key Segments

4.    Voice of Customer Analysis (B2C Model Analysis)

4.1.  Brand Awareness

4.2.  Factors Influencing Purchase Decision

4.3.  Challenges Faced Post Purchase

5.    India Packaged Rice Market Outlook

5.1.  Market Size & Forecast

5.1.1.    By Value & Volume

5.2.  Market Share & Forecast

5.2.1.    By Product Type Market Share Analysis (Basmati & Non-Basmati)

5.2.2.    By Packaging Type Market Share Analysis (Pouches, Woven Bags, and Others)

5.2.3.    By Sales Channel Market Share Analysis (Supermarkets/Hypermarkets, Convenience Stores, Online, and Others)

5.2.4.    By Regional Market Share Analysis

5.2.4.1.        North Market Share Analysis

5.2.4.2.        South Market Share Analysis

5.2.4.3.        East Market Share Analysis

5.2.4.4.        West Market Share Analysis

5.2.5.    By Company Market Share Analysis

5.3.  India Packaged Rice Market Mapping & Opportunity Assessment

5.3.1.    By Product Type Market Mapping & Opportunity Assessment

5.3.2.    By Packaging Type Market Mapping & Opportunity Assessment

5.3.3.    By Sales Channel Market Mapping & Opportunity Assessment

5.3.4.    By Regional Market Mapping & Opportunity Assessment

6.    India Basmati Packaged Rice Market Outlook

6.1.  Market Size & Forecast

6.1.1.    By Value

6.2.  Market Share & Forecast

6.2.1.    By Packaging Type Market Share Analysis

6.2.2.    By Sales Channel Market Share Analysis

7.    India Non-Basmati Packaged Rice Market Outlook

7.1.  Market Size & Forecast

7.1.1.    By Value

7.2.  Market Share & Forecast

7.2.1.    By Packaging Type Market Share Analysis

7.2.2.    By Sales Channel Market Share Analysis

8.    Market Dynamics

8.1.  Drivers

8.2.  Challenges

9.    Impact of COVID-19 on India Packaged Rice Market

9.1.  Impact Assessment Model  

9.1.1.    Key Segments Impacted

9.1.2.    Key Regions Impacted

10. Market Trends & Developments

11. Porter’s Five Forces Model

11.1.             Competitive Rivalry

11.2.             Bargaining Power of Buyers

11.3.             Bargaining Power of Suppliers

11.4.             Threat of New Entrants

11.5.             Threat of Substitutes

12. SWOT Analysis

12.1.             Strengths

12.2.             Weaknesses

12.3.             Opportunities

12.4.             Threats

13. Policy and Regulatory Landscape

14. India Economic Profile

15. Company Profiles

15.1.1. Adani Wilmar Ltd.

15.1.1.1.     Company Details

15.1.1.2.     Product & Services

15.1.1.3.     Financials (As Per Availability)

15.1.1.4.     Key market Focus & Geographical Presence

15.1.1.5.     Recent Developments

15.1.1.6.     Key Management Personnel

15.1.2. Aeroplane Rice Ltd.

15.1.2.1.     Company Details

15.1.2.2.     Product & Services

15.1.2.3.     Financials (As Per Availability)

15.1.2.4.     Key market Focus & Geographical Presence

15.1.2.5.     Recent Developments

15.1.2.6.     Key Management Personnel

15.1.3. Amira Nature Foods Ltd.

15.1.3.1.     Company Details

15.1.3.2.     Product & Services

15.1.3.3.     Financials (As Per Availability)

15.1.3.4.     Key market Focus & Geographical Presence

15.1.3.5.     Recent Developments

15.1.3.6.     Key Management Personnel