Report Description

Forecast Period

2024-2028

Market Size (2022)

USD 2.31 billion

CAGR (2023-2028)

7.55%

Fastest Growing Segment

Indoor

Largest Market

Riyadh





Market Overview

Saudi Arabia Low Voltage Switchgear Market has valued at USD 2.31 billion in 2022 and is anticipated to project robust growth in the forecast period with a CAGR of 7.55% through 2028. The country is actively pursuing smart grid initiatives to enhance the efficiency and reliability of its electrical distribution network. These initiatives require LV switchgear with advanced monitoring and control capabilities.

Key Market Drivers

Rapid Urbanization and Infrastructure Development

One of the primary drivers of the Low Voltage Switchgear market in Saudi Arabia is the nation's rapid urbanization and extensive infrastructure development. As the country continues to grow and expand, there is an ever-increasing demand for electrical power distribution solutions. Saudi Arabia's urban centers are witnessing substantial population growth, and the construction of new residential, commercial, and industrial complexes is on the rise. This leads to a surge in electricity consumption and necessitates the enhancement of the electrical grid and distribution infrastructure.

Low voltage switchgear is a critical component of the electrical infrastructure, enabling the safe and efficient distribution of electricity within buildings, industries, and substations. In order to meet the escalating energy requirements associated with urbanization and infrastructure development, there is a growing need for reliable, energy-efficient, and technologically advanced low voltage switchgear systems. Manufacturers and suppliers of low voltage switchgear equipment are thus witnessing a surge in demand in Saudi Arabia.

The expansion of transportation networks, educational institutions, healthcare facilities, and entertainment centers also contributes to the demand for low voltage switchgear, as these establishments rely heavily on electricity for their operations. This driver is further reinforced by the government's commitment to urban development initiatives, such as Vision 2030, which includes the construction of new cities and economic zones, all of which require robust electrical infrastructure.

Increasing Industrialization and Manufacturing Activities

Saudi Arabia is striving to diversify its economy beyond oil, with a strong focus on industrialization and manufacturing. The government has introduced several initiatives and policies to encourage local and foreign investments in these sectors. As a result, there is a significant increase in industrial and manufacturing activities across the country, which, in turn, propels the demand for low voltage switchgear.

Low voltage switchgear plays a pivotal role in industrial processes, helping to control and protect electrical systems. Industries such as petrochemicals, mining, manufacturing, and logistics rely heavily on electrical equipment, making the availability of reliable switchgear systems crucial for their operations. The rapid growth of industrial zones and the establishment of new industrial projects contribute to the expansion of the low voltage switchgear market.

Furthermore, the government's emphasis on energy efficiency and sustainability is driving the adoption of advanced low voltage switchgear solutions in industrial settings. Switchgear technology that enhances energy management and reduces power wastage is increasingly favored by industries seeking to optimize their operations. This shift towards more efficient and environmentally-friendly manufacturing processes further fuels the demand for modern low voltage switchgear equipment.

Renewable Energy Integration and Grid Modernization

Saudi Arabia, a country known for its vast oil reserves, is also actively exploring renewable energy sources. The kingdom is making substantial investments in solar and wind energy projects as part of its commitment to reduce its carbon footprint and diversify its energy mix. The integration of renewable energy sources into the grid necessitates the modernization of the electrical infrastructure, including low voltage switchgear systems.

Renewable energy generation is inherently variable, depending on weather conditions and sunlight availability. Therefore, advanced low voltage switchgear solutions are needed to ensure a stable and resilient grid capable of accommodating fluctuations in power supply. The incorporation of smart grid technologies, which involve sophisticated low voltage switchgear systems, allows for better control, monitoring, and management of energy distribution, improving grid reliability and efficiency.

The transition towards renewable energy sources also aligns with Saudi Arabia's sustainability goals, and low voltage switchgear equipped with intelligent features can facilitate the efficient utilization of renewable energy while minimizing power losses. As the country continues to expand its renewable energy capacity, the low voltage switchgear market is set to grow in parallel, offering solutions that are compatible with these clean energy sources.

In conclusion, the Low Voltage Switchgear market in Saudi Arabia is being driven by factors such as rapid urbanization, industrialization, and renewable energy integration. These drivers are creating a significant demand for advanced low voltage switchgear solutions, as the country seeks to enhance its electrical infrastructure to support its growing urban centers, industrial activities, and sustainable energy initiatives. This trend is likely to continue as Saudi Arabia pursues its economic diversification and sustainability goals.


Download Free Sample Report

Key Market Challenges

Competitive Global Market Landscape

One of the significant challenges faced by the Saudi Arabia Low Voltage Switchgear market is the highly competitive global landscape. The industry is not limited to domestic manufacturers; instead, it is exposed to international competition. International companies with established brands, advanced technology, and extensive global networks often enter the Saudi Arabian market, intensifying competition for local players.

Many foreign manufacturers have a track record of delivering high-quality low voltage switchgear equipment and often have the capacity to offer cost-effective solutions due to economies of scale. These global players bring with them not only their technological expertise but also a wide range of products, potentially squeezing the market share of domestic manufacturers.

For local companies, maintaining a competitive edge requires continuous innovation, quality assurance, and competitive pricing. This can be particularly challenging when faced with global conglomerates that have substantial resources at their disposal. To navigate this challenge, local manufacturers must focus on research and development, product customization, and building strong relationships with customers to differentiate themselves in the market.

Regulatory Compliance and Quality Standards

The Saudi Arabia Low Voltage Switchgear market faces regulatory challenges related to compliance and quality standards. The government and regulatory bodies in the country have stringent regulations and standards in place to ensure the safety and performance of electrical equipment, including low voltage switchgear. Meeting these standards is essential for manufacturers and suppliers, as non-compliance can lead to product recalls, legal repercussions, and damage to reputation.

Ensuring that low voltage switchgear products comply with national and international standards, such as those defined by the Saudi Standards, Metrology, and Quality Organization (SASO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), demands rigorous testing and certification processes. Manufacturers need to invest in quality control, testing facilities, and adherence to safety standards, which can be costly and time-consuming.

Moreover, the need to stay updated with evolving regulatory requirements and standards can be a challenge, as non-compliance can hinder product sales and market expansion. This challenge necessitates a close partnership between the industry and regulatory bodies to ensure that standards are realistic, achievable, and in line with global best practices. Manufacturers must also invest in employee training and education to maintain a workforce capable of meeting the evolving standards and regulations.

Volatile Raw Material Costs and Supply Chain Disruptions

The volatility in raw material costs and supply chain disruptions presents another significant challenge for the Low Voltage Switchgear market in Saudi Arabia. The manufacturing of low voltage switchgear involves various components, including copper, aluminum, steel, plastics, and electronic components. The prices of these raw materials can fluctuate due to global economic factors, geopolitical events, and supply and demand imbalances.

Such fluctuations in raw material costs can affect the overall production costs and, consequently, the pricing of low voltage switchgear products. Manufacturers often find themselves in a precarious situation, as they must either absorb the increased costs or pass them on to customers, potentially impacting their competitiveness in the market.

In addition to raw material cost volatility, supply chain disruptions, whether due to global crises or logistical challenges, can affect the timely availability of components and materials required for manufacturing. Interruptions in the supply chain can lead to delays in product delivery and, in some cases, increased lead times.

To address this challenge, manufacturers must have resilient supply chain strategies in place, including diversified sourcing options and stockpiling essential components when feasible. They should also invest in cost-management strategies to mitigate the impact of raw material cost fluctuations, such as long-term supplier contracts and hedging practices. Adaptability and flexibility are key to navigating these challenges successfully in the Saudi Arabian Low Voltage Switchgear market.

Key Market Trends

Increasing Adoption of Smart Low Voltage Switchgear Solutions

One prominent trend in the Saudi Arabia Low Voltage Switchgear market is the increasing adoption of smart switchgear solutions. As the country strives to enhance its electrical infrastructure, improve energy efficiency, and ensure the reliable distribution of power, the incorporation of smart technologies in low voltage switchgear has gained substantial momentum.

Smart low voltage switchgear, also known as intelligent or digital switchgear, is equipped with advanced features like real-time monitoring, remote control, and data analytics capabilities. These features allow for improved visibility and control over the electrical distribution system, leading to enhanced performance and reduced downtime.

One key driver behind the adoption of smart switchgear is the government's commitment to modernizing the electrical grid. Saudi Arabia aims to establish a smart grid that can optimize energy distribution, reduce power wastage, and accommodate the integration of renewable energy sources seamlessly. Smart switchgear aligns with these objectives by providing the necessary communication and control capabilities to manage electricity efficiently.

In addition to grid modernization, industries and commercial entities in Saudi Arabia are increasingly recognizing the benefits of smart low voltage switchgear. These solutions offer predictive maintenance, which can help prevent costly breakdowns, improve energy management, and contribute to sustainability efforts by optimizing power usage.

The rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology plays a significant role in enabling smart switchgear. IoT sensors and connectivity allow for real-time data collection and analysis, providing insights into the health and performance of the electrical infrastructure. This data-driven approach to electrical distribution is becoming a standard practice in many sectors, and it is expected to continue shaping the Saudi Arabian Low Voltage Switchgear market in the coming years.

Growing Focus on Energy Efficiency and Sustainability

Another notable trend in the Saudi Arabia Low Voltage Switchgear market is the growing focus on energy efficiency and sustainability. This trend is a response to both global environmental concerns and the Saudi government's Vision 2030 initiative, which places a strong emphasis on reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.

Low voltage switchgear plays a crucial role in improving energy efficiency within buildings, industries, and infrastructure. It is instrumental in the efficient distribution of electrical power, which, in turn, has a direct impact on energy conservation. As a result, there is a rising demand for low voltage switchgear solutions that are designed to minimize energy losses and enhance power quality.

Manufacturers in Saudi Arabia are increasingly developing and offering energy-efficient switchgear products that adhere to international standards for low energy consumption. These solutions incorporate technologies such as energy-efficient circuit breakers, advanced power factor correction, and intelligent load management, all aimed at reducing electricity wastage and optimizing power usage.

Moreover, sustainability considerations are pushing the adoption of eco-friendly materials and manufacturing processes in the production of low voltage switchgear. Manufacturers are exploring environmentally responsible alternatives for insulation, enclosures, and component materials to reduce the carbon footprint of their products.

Saudi Arabia's commitment to renewable energy sources is also influencing the market's sustainability focus. The integration of solar and wind energy into the grid necessitates low voltage switchgear that can efficiently manage power from variable sources. This has led to the development of switchgear solutions specifically designed to accommodate renewable energy, further contributing to the sustainability trend in the market.

In conclusion, the Saudi Arabia Low Voltage Switchgear market is witnessing two significant trends: the increasing adoption of smart switchgear solutions and a growing emphasis on energy efficiency and sustainability. These trends are driven by the government's modernization efforts, environmental concerns, and the need for efficient energy management, all of which are expected to shape the market's trajectory in the foreseeable future.

Segmental Insights

Product Type Insights

The Fixed Mounting segment emerged as the dominating segment in 2022. In residential applications, fixed mounting switchgear is commonly used for permanent electrical distribution and protection. The segment benefits from new housing projects and urbanization. Fixed distribution boards, circuit breakers, and fused switches. Energy efficiency and safety are key trends, with a focus on meeting local building codes and standards. Integration with smart home systems is also gaining traction.

The commercial sector, including office buildings, shopping malls, and hotels, relies on fixed mounting LV switchgear for stable and safe electrical distribution. The growth in commercial infrastructure fuels demand. Fixed-mounted air circuit breakers (ACBs), molded case circuit breakers (MCCBs), and distribution panels. Energy efficiency and the need for reliable power distribution drive the use of advanced fixed mounting LV switchgear. Compliance with safety regulations is crucial.

Various industrial applications, including manufacturing, food processing, and factories, use fixed mounting switchgear for long-term electrical distribution and protection. Industrial growth in Saudi Arabia influences the demand. Motor control centers (MCCs), fixed distribution boards, and fused switches. Energy-efficient LV switchgear solutions and a focus on safety and reliability are important trends in this segment. Compliance with industrial standards is key.

With Saudi Arabia's continued investment in infrastructure and industrial expansion, there are growth opportunities for fixed mounting LV switchgear, especially in the oil and gas, healthcare, and industrial sectors. The adoption of digitalization and IoT in LV switchgear solutions presents opportunities for innovation and market expansion within the fixed mounting segment.

Voltage Rating Insights

The Less than 250V segment is projected to experience rapid growth during the forecast period. In the residential sector, the demand for low voltage switchgear is primarily driven by new housing projects and increasing urbanization. The need for reliable and safe electrical distribution in homes is a key factor. Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs), Residual Current Devices (RCDs), distribution boards, and surge protection devices are commonly used. Energy efficiency and smart home integration are becoming important trends. Smart LV switchgear with remote monitoring and control capabilities is gaining popularity.

The oil and gas industry requires LV switchgear for various applications, including refineries, drilling, and petrochemical plants. Flameproof switchgear, explosion-proof switchgear, and LV switchgear with hazardous location certifications. Safety and reliability are paramount in this sector due to the potentially hazardous environments. Compliance with international standards and certifications is essential.

The development of infrastructure projects and the growing interest in renewable energy sources drive the demand for LV switchgear. LV switchgear for solar PV installations, LV switchgear for infrastructure projects (e.g., transportation, water treatment), and LV switchgear for data centers. Sustainability, energy efficiency, and grid integration are key trends in this segment.

As Saudi Arabia continues to invest in infrastructure and diversify its economy, there are growth opportunities in various sectors, including renewable energy, healthcare, and smart buildings. The adoption of digitalization and IoT in LV switchgear solutions presents opportunities for innovation and market expansion.


Download Free Sample Report

Regional Insights

Riyadh is expected to be the dominating market during the forecast period. Riyadh represents one of the largest markets for LV switchgear in Saudi Arabia due to its population, economic activity, and industrial development. The market has been growing steadily in response to the city's expanding infrastructure and urbanization. Riyadh's robust economic growth is a primary driver for the LV switchgear market. The city's status as the political, administrative, and commercial capital of Saudi Arabia leads to continuous infrastructure development, construction projects, and industrial activity. Riyadh is a focal point for major infrastructure developments, including transportation (e.g., metro, highways), healthcare facilities, educational institutions, and residential complexes. The construction of these projects necessitates LV switchgear for electrical distribution. Riyadh's proximity to major oil and gas facilities, including refineries and petrochemical plants, contributes to the LV switchgear demand. Ongoing maintenance and expansion of these facilities boost the market.

The growing emphasis on energy efficiency offers opportunities for LV switchgear manufacturers to provide products that reduce energy consumption and lower carbon emissions, aligning with the city's sustainability goals. The expansion of the healthcare sector in Riyadh, with new hospitals and healthcare facilities, presents opportunities for LV switchgear providers, as these facilities rely on uninterrupted power supply. The integration of digital technologies and the Internet of Things (IoT) into LV switchgear solutions offers opportunities for innovation and market expansion, as businesses and industries in Riyadh seek more advanced control and monitoring capabilities.

LV Switchgear Market in Riyadh is driven by economic growth, infrastructure development, and industrial expansion. The city's ongoing urbanization, along with opportunities in healthcare, renewable energy, and smart grid initiatives, make it an important market for LV switchgear manufacturers and suppliers.

Recent Developments

In 2021, Schneider Electric launched its new Prisma Plus switchgear range in Saudi Arabia. The Prisma Plus range is designed to meet the needs of the country's growing construction and industrial sectors.

Key Market Players

  • Schneider Electric
  • Siemens
  • ABB
  • Eaton Corporation
  • Mitsubishi Electric
  • General Electric (GE)
  • Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories (SEL)
  • Crompton Greaves (CG)
  • Legrand
  • L&T Electrical and Automation

By Product Type

By Voltage Rating

By Installation

By Application

By Region

Fixed Mounting

Plug-In

Withdrawable Unit

Less than 250V

250V to 750V

751V to 1000V

Indoor

Outdoor

Substation

Distribution

Power Factor Correction

Sub-Distribution

Motor Control

Riyadh

Makkah

Madinah

Jeddah

Tabuk

Eastern Province

Rest of Saudi Arabia


Report Scope:

In this report, the Saudi Arabia Low Voltage Switchgear Market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends which have also been detailed below:

  • Saudi Arabia Low Voltage Switchgear Market, By Product Type:

o   Substation, Distribution

o   Power Factor Correction

o   Sub-Distribution

o   Motor Control

  • Saudi Arabia Low Voltage Switchgear Market, By Voltage Rating:

o   Less than 250V

o   250V to 750V

o   751V to 1000V

  • Saudi Arabia Low Voltage Switchgear Market, By Installation:

o   Indoor

o   Outdoor   

  • Saudi Arabia Low Voltage Switchgear Market, By Application:

o   Substation

o   Distribution

o   Power Factor Correction

o   Sub-Distribution

o   Motor Control        

  • Saudi Arabia Low Voltage Switchgear Market, By Region:

o   Riyadh

o   Makkah

o   Madinah

o   Jeddah

o   Tabuk

o   Eastern Province

o   Rest of Saudi Arabia     

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Saudi Arabia Low Voltage Switchgear Market.

Available Customizations:

Saudi Arabia Low Voltage Switchgear Market report with the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Saudi Arabia Low Voltage Switchgear Market is an upcoming report to be released soon. If you wish an early delivery of this report or want to confirm the date of release, please contact us at [email protected]

Table of content

1.         Product Overview

1.1.    Market Definition

1.2.    Scope of the Market

1.2.1.Markets Covered

1.2.2.Years Considered for Study

1.2.3.Key Market Segmentations

2.         Research Methodology

2.1.    Objective of the Study

2.2.    Baseline Methodology

2.3.    Formulation of the Scope

2.4.    Assumptions and Limitations

2.5.    Sources of Research

2.5.1.Secondary Research

2.5.2.Primary Research

2.6.    Approach for the Market Study

2.6.1.The Bottom-Up Approach

2.6.2.The Top-Down Approach

2.7.    Methodology Followed for Calculation of Market Size & Market Shares

2.8.    Forecasting Methodology

2.8.1.Data Triangulation & Validation

3.         Executive Summary

4.         Impact of COVID-19 on Saudi Arabia Low Voltage Switchgear Market

5.         Voice of Customer

6.         Saudi Arabia Low Voltage Switchgear Market Overview

7.         Saudi Arabia Low Voltage Switchgear Market Outlook

7.1.    Market Size & Forecast

7.1.1.By Value

7.2.    Market Share & Forecast

7.2.1.By Product Type (Fixed Mounting, Plug-In and Withdrawable Unit)

7.2.2.By Voltage Rating (Less than 250V, 250V to 750V, and 751V to 1000V)

7.2.3.By Installation (Indoor and Outdoor)

7.2.4.By Application (Substation, Distribution, Power Factor Correction, Sub-Distribution and Motor Control)

7.2.5.By Region (Riyadh, Makkah, Eastern Province)

7.3.    By Company (2022)

7.4.     Market Map

8.         Riyadh Low Voltage Switchgear Market Outlook

8.1.    Market Size & Forecast

8.1.1.By Value

8.2.    Market Share & Forecast

8.2.1.By Product Type

8.2.2.By Voltage Rating

8.2.3.By Installation

8.2.4.By Application

9.         Makkah Low Voltage Switchgear Market Outlook

9.1.    Market Size & Forecast

9.1.1.By Value

9.2.    Market Share & Forecast

9.2.1.By Product Type

9.2.2.By Voltage Rating

9.2.3.By Installation

9.2.4.By Application

10.      Madinah Low Voltage Switchgear Market Outlook

10.1. Market Size & Forecast

10.1.1.     By Value

10.2. Market Share & Forecast

10.2.1.     By Product Type

10.2.2.     By Voltage Rating

10.2.3.     By Installation

10.2.4.     By Application

11.      Jeddah Low Voltage Switchgear Market Outlook

11.1. Market Size & Forecast

11.1.1.     By Value

11.2. Market Share & Forecast

11.2.1.     By Product Type

11.2.2.     By Voltage Rating

11.2.3.     By Installation

11.2.4.     By Application

12.      Tabuk Low Voltage Switchgear Market Outlook

12.1. Market Size & Forecast

12.1.1.     By Value

12.2. Market Share & Forecast

12.2.1.     By Product Type

12.2.2.     By Voltage Rating

12.2.3.     By Installation

12.2.4.     By Application

13.      Eastern Province Low Voltage Switchgear Market Outlook

13.1. Market Size & Forecast

13.1.1.     By Value

13.2. Market Share & Forecast

13.2.1.     By Product Type

13.2.2.     By Voltage Rating

13.2.3.     By Installation

13.2.4.     By Application

14.      Rest of Saudi Arabia Low Voltage Switchgear Market Outlook

14.1. Market Size & Forecast

14.1.1.     By Value

14.2. Market Share & Forecast

14.2.1.     By Product Type

14.2.2.     By Voltage Rating

14.2.3.     By Installation

14.2.4.     By Application

15.      Market Dynamics

15.1. Drivers

15.2. Challenges

16.      Market Trends and Developments

17.      Company Profiles

17.1.  Schneider Electric

17.1.1.     Business Overview

17.1.2.     Key Revenue and Financials  

17.1.3.     Recent Developments

17.1.4.     Key Personnel/Key Contact Person

17.1.5.     Key Product/Services Offered

17.2.  Siemens

17.2.1.     Business Overview

17.2.2.     Key Revenue and Financials  

17.2.3.     Recent Developments

17.2.4.     Key Personnel/Key Contact Person

17.2.5.     Key Product/Services Offered

17.3.  ABB

17.3.1.     Business Overview

17.3.2.     Key Revenue and Financials  

17.3.3.     Recent Developments

17.3.4.     Key Personnel/Key Contact Person

17.3.5.     Key Product/Services Offered

17.4.  Eaton Corporation

17.4.1.     Business Overview

17.4.2.     Key Revenue and Financials  

17.4.3.     Recent Developments

17.4.4.     Key Personnel/Key Contact Person

17.4.5.     Key Product/Services Offered

17.5.  Mitsubishi Electric

17.5.1.     Business Overview

17.5.2.     Key Revenue and Financials  

17.5.3.     Recent Developments

17.5.4.     Key Personnel/Key Contact Person

17.5.5.     Key Product/Services Offered

17.6.  General Electric (GE)

17.6.1.     Business Overview

17.6.2.     Key Revenue and Financials  

17.6.3.     Recent Developments

17.6.4.     Key Personnel/Key Contact Person

17.6.5.     Key Product/Services Offered

17.7.  Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories (SEL)

17.7.1.     Business Overview

17.7.2.     Key Revenue and Financials  

17.7.3.     Recent Developments

17.7.4.     Key Personnel/Key Contact Person

17.7.5.     Key Product/Services Offered

17.8.  Crompton Greaves (CG)

17.8.1.     Business Overview

17.8.2.     Key Revenue and Financials  

17.8.3.     Recent Developments

17.8.4.     Key Personnel/Key Contact Person

17.8.5.     Key Product/Services Offered

17.9.  Legrand

17.9.1.     Business Overview

17.9.2.     Key Revenue and Financials  

17.9.3.     Recent Developments

17.9.4.     Key Personnel/Key Contact Person

17.9.5.     Key Product/Services Offered

17.10.   L&T Electrical and Automation 

17.10.1.   Business Overview

17.10.2.   Key Revenue and Financials  

17.10.3.   Recent Developments

17.10.4.   Key Personnel/Key Contact Person

17.10.5.   Key Product/Services Offered

18.      Strategic Recommendations

19.     About Us & Disclaimer

Figures and Tables

Frequently asked questions

down-arrow

The market size of the Saudi Arabia Low Voltage Switchgear Market was USD 2.31 billion in 2022.

down-arrow

The Fixed Mounting segment demonstrated significant dominance in 2022. In residential applications, fixed mounting switchgear is commonly used for permanent electrical distribution and protection. The segment benefits from new housing projects and urbanization.

down-arrow

Riyadh dominated the Saudi Arabia Low Voltage Switchgear Market in 2022.

down-arrow

Renewable Energy Integration and Grid Modernization are some of the major drivers for the Saudi Arabia Low Voltage Switchgear Market.

profile

Parvati Sharma

Account Manager BD
Press Release

Saudi Arabia Low Voltage Switchgear Market is expected to grow at a robust CAGR

Dec, 2023

Saudi Arabia Low Voltage Switchgear Market is expected to grow owing to relying on LV switchgear for various applications, including oil refineries and petrochemical plants throughout the forecast pe